inpatient nutritional support 215, 28 ketoacidosis, alcohol-induced 207 aims 217 ketosis, maternal 100 dialysis patients 242 kidney disease see renal disease feeding practicalities 216, 17 kidney transplants see renal transplant glycaemic control 216, 17, 223, 4, 225, 8 patients insulin therapy 225, 6, 227, 8 methods 220, 6 lactic acidosis 207 enteral 220, 1, 222, 4, 227, 242 leg ulcers 153, 4 oral diet 220, 221 lipid levels oral supplements 221 cardiovascular risk 135, 136, 137, 138 parenteral 220, 1, 224, 6, 227, 8, 242, alcohol 209, 10 243 coffee 141 nutritional assessment 217, 218, 19 dialysis patients 244 nutritional requirements 217, 220 dietary carbohydrates 138, 173, 193, obese patients 220 194 oral hypoglycaemic agents 227 dietary fats 137, 173, 193, 194 undernourished patients 220 eggs 140 insulin analogues, children 69, 70, 71, 2 plant stanols/sterols 139 insulin resistance see insulin sensitivity soya protein 139, 40 insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) 133, 4 children 58, 73 insulin secretion diabetic pregnancies 102 diabetic pregnancies 97 dialysis patients 244, 5 dietary fat, carbohydrate variations dietary fat, carbohydrate variations 192, 195, 196 172, 173, 174, 175, 177 non-diabetic pregnancies 96 Type 2 diabetes 191, 192, 4, 195, physical activity 23 197 insulin sensitivity elderly people 150 alcohol 210 GI diet variations 175, 7, 195 carbohydrate 138, 174, 5, 176, 177, 8, inpatient nutritional support 216, 17 191 and nutritional recommendations 2, 6, cardiovascular risk 133, 8, 142 8, 11, 12 diabetic pregnancies 97, 98, 102 obesity 114, 115, 16, 121 dietary fats 137, 174, 5, 176, 177, 8, physical activity 20, 121 191 plant stanols/sterols 139 non-diabetic pregnancies 96 renal transplant patients 251, 253 obesity 113, 14, 115, 121, 135 soya protein 139, 40 optimal diet for 177, 8 Type 2 diabetes 114 physical activity 24, 25, 26, 121 dietary fat, carbohydrate variations Type 2 diabetes 133, 8, 142, 191 191, 192, 4, 195, 197 insulin therapy dyslipidaemia 115, 16, 136, 190, children 62, 68, 70, 72 192, 4 diabetic pregnancies 94, 97, 8, 103 lipid metabolism, insulin resistance dialysis patients 245, 6 syndrome 134 elderly people 160 liver function, alcohol 204, 5, 206, 208 inpatient nutritional support 225, 6, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 9, 11, 12 227, 8 cardiovascular risk 137, 139, 40, 194, obesity 113, 122, 3 209 parenteral nutrition 225, 6, 227, 8 children 58, 73 physical activity 25, 6, 28, 9, 30, 70 diabetic pregnancies 102 Type 2 diabetes 25, 28, 9, 88, 9 dietary fat, carbohydrate variations intensive nutrition education 68, 9 173, 174, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197
264 INDEX
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (cont.) cardiovascular risk 142 obesity 114, 115 children 60, 1 physical activity 20 diabetic pregnancies 94 plant stanols/sterols 139 dialysis patients 239, 40, 241, 2, 243, renal transplant patients 251 244 soya protein 139, 40 elderly people 150, 153, 4 Type 2 diabetes 136, 193, 194 renal transplant patients 254 Type 2 diabetes 13, 14, 89 macrovascular complications see monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) cardiovascular disease cardiovascular risk 137 malnutrition, dialysis patients 233, 4, children 59, 73 241, 242, 3 diabetic pregnancies 101, 102 maturity-onset diabetes in the young dietary fat, carbohydrate variations (MODY) 77 172, 174, 5, 179, 190, 1, 196, 197 meal planning 13, 67, 8 elderly people 150 meal service, hospitals 162, 3 insulin sensitivity 137 meals, psychosocial aspects 73, 4 nutritional recommendations 2, 7, 8, medical model, dietary education 33 11, 172 medication weight control 179 body weight effects 122, 3 cardiovascular disease 136 nephropathy 12, 152, 231 diabetic pregnancies 93 neurological effects, alcohol 211 dialysis patients 245 neuropathy drug, nutrient interaction 160 alcohol 211, 212 elderly people 159, 60 renal transplant patients 250 gastric emptying 157 non-starch polysaccharides see fibre insulin see insulin therapy nursing home care 160, 2, 163 obese diabetic patients 6, 115, 122, 4, nutritional recommendations 1, 14 126 alcohol 10, 11, 202 physical activity 25, 6, 28, 9 children 55, 61, 73 renal transplant patients 253 diabetic dietitian’s account 48, 50 Type 2 diabetes 88 elderly people 148, 54 obesity 115, 122, 4 gestational diabetes 98, 103 physical activity 25, 28, 9 Type 2 diabetes 2, 5, 7, 9, 11 pregnant women 93 cardiovascular risk 136, 7 metabolism chromium 13 alcohol 204, 5, 206 salt 13, 89 diabetic pregnancies 97, 8 nutritional support dietary fat, carbohydrate variations dialysis patients 242, 3 191, 7 inpatients 215, 28 insulin resistance syndrome 133, 134 non-diabetic pregnancies 96, 7 obesity 111, 27 physical activity 23, 24 abdominal 114 metformin 25, 123, 227, 245 alcohol 211 microvascular complications assessment 117, 19 children 70, 1, 75 behavioural therapy 122 elderly people 148 body mass index (BMI) 111, 112, 13, glycaemic control 189 117 obese diabetic patients 122 cardiovascular risk 5, 112, 117, 121, renal transplant patients 250 135 minerals 13 children 76, 92
INDEX 265
co-morbidity 112, 118 parenteral nutrition 220, 1, 224, 6, definition 112, 13 227, 8 diabetic pregnancies 92, 94, 95, 97, 8, dialysis patients 242, 243 99, 100 parties, children 76 dialysis patients 244 patient education see education, dietary dietary history 118 PEG feeding, dialysis patients 242 dietary management 6, 119, 20 peritoneal dialysis (PD) 233 dyslipidaemia 115, 16 glycaemic control 232 eating disorders 113, 118 nutritional management 240, 241, 243, elderly people 149 244, 5 family history 117, 18 nutritional requirements 237, 238, glycaemic control 115, 119, 20, 122, 239, 40 123 nutritional status 233 hypertension 115 pharmacological therapy see medication inpatient nutritional support 220 phosphate, dialysis patients 239, 240, insulin sensitivity 113, 14, 115, 121, 241, 2 135 physical activity 19, 30 pharmacological management 6, barriers to 24 122, 4, 126 beliefs about 24, 5 physical activity 120, 2 blood glucose levels 28, 29, 30, 70 prevention 126, 7 cardiovascular risk 19, 20, 26, 121 quality of life 116 children 70 renal transplant patients 252, 3 contraindications 26, 122, 151 risk factors for 117 definition 21 service provision 126 dietary intake 27, 8, 29 surgical treatment 124, 5, 126 drinks 28 treatment 119, 26 duration 22, 25 Type 1 diabetes 113 elderly people 150, 151 Type 2 diabetes 76, 87, 9, 97, 8, 111, energy balance 5, 6, 7 12, 113, 27 frequency 22, 25 very low calorie diets (VLCDs) 6, glycaemic control 20, 70 120 hypoglycaemia 24, 25, 6, 28, 29, 122 weight loss benefits 114, 16 insulin therapy 25, 6, 28, 9, 30 weight loss maintenance 116, 126 intensity 21, 22, 25, 28, 9 weight loss motivation 118, 19, 120 medication 25, 6, 28, 9 weight management goals 116, 17 non-diabetic pregnancies 96 older people with diabetes see elderly obese diabetic patients 120, 2 people with diabetes physiology of 22, 4 oral health, elderly people 155 timing 25, 6, 28, 29 oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) Type 2 diabetes 7, 20, 22, 24, 5, 26, body weight effects 122, 3 28, 9, 120, 2 cardiovascular disease 136 types 25 in critical illness 227 weight management 7, 19, 20, 120, 2 diabetic pregnancies 93 phyto-oestrogens 140 dialysis patients 245 plant stanols 139 elderly people 159, 60 plant sterols 139 obese diabetic patients 115 plate models 64, 65 physical activity 25 polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) Type 2 diabetes 88, 115 cardiovascular risk 137, 139 see also medication children 58, 9, 73 orlistat 123, 4 diabetic pregnancies 102