NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), 29, 30, 81, 83 nail conditions, 31 NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), 30, 44, 82 National Cholesterol Education Panel, 153 nausea, 26 nephropathy (kidney damage), 23, 25 neuropathy (nerve damage), 25, 26 New Zealand, 95 noise resistance, 60, 62 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 29, 30, 81, 83 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 30, 44, 82 non-healing foot ulcers, 28, 30, 72 non-insulin dependent diabetes, 8 non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma. See hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome noradrenaline, 197 Nurses’ Health Study, 39, 154, 178 Nurses’ Health Study II, 39 nuts, xx, 9, 40, 177
obesity: author’s journey with, 214, 15; beginning of epidemic, 9, 10; caused by hyperinsulinemia, 66, 113; fatty muscle and, 86; as hormonal imbalance, 48, 54; insulin resistance and, 57, 58; progression of, 113; as protective mechanism, 113, 116, 17; relationship to diabetes, 37, 38, 39, 66, 215; treatment by low-carb diets, 55; U.S. trend, 10 The Obesity Code (Fung), 215, 217 Ockham’s razor, 77 OGT (oral glucose tolerance test), 17 Okinawan people, 180, 188 omental fat, 44 onycholysis, 31 oral glucose tolerance test (OGT), 17 oral hypoglycemics. See medication, specific types ORIGIN (Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention) trial, 128, 143, 147, 212 orthostatic hypotension, 26 Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention (ORIGIN) trial, 128, 143, 147, 212 overflow phenomenon, xvi, xviii, 68, 71, 171
pain, 25 pancreas: fatty, 44, 89, 90, 91; insulin production, 49.
See also beta cell dysfunction Paracelsus, 97 parathyoid hormone, 64 PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome), 31, 32 penicillin, 61 peptide Y, 48, 170 peripheral vascular disease (PVD), 28, 29, 30 pharmaceutical companies, 138, 39 Philip (case study), 72 physical effects.
See body effects physiological insulin resistance, 87 pioglitazone (Actos), 142, 143 Piorry, Pierre, 5 pituitary gland, 49 plasma glucose test, 17, 18 polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 31, 32 portion control.
See caloric reduction advice prediabetes, 11, 17, 100, 138 protein, xx, 40, 50, 51, 181 PVD (peripheral vascular disease), 28, 29, 30
Quebec Cardiovascular Study, 135
Randle cycle, 87 Ravi (case study), 119
Reaven, Gerald, 107, 111 Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 37, 38 Residential Environment and Coronary Heart Disease (RECORD) study, 142, 43 resistance: antibiotics, 60, 61; drugs, 62; homeostasis effect, 59, 62, 63; hormones, 63; noise, 60; persistence factor, 193, 94; viral, 61, 62. See also insulin resistance retinopathy (eye disease), 23 Richard (case study), 159 Rollo, John, 4 Rosen, Clifford, 143 rosiglitazone (Avandia), 142, 43 Roux-En-Y gastric bypass, 165, 66
Sanger, Frederick, 7 Saskatchewan, 135, 136, 37 saturated fats, 9, 109, 176, 187 SAVOR study (Saxagliptin Assessment Of Vascular Outcomes Recorded In Patients With Diabetes Mellitus), 145 SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors, 145, 46, 149, 200 Sharpey-Schafer, Edward, 5 shin spots (diabetic dermopathy), 31 Simon (case study), 33 sitagliptin, 145 skin conditions, 31 skin tags, 31 sleeve gastrectomy, 166, 67 smoking, 29, 39 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, 145, 46, 149, 200 Speizer, Frank, 39 Sri Lanka, 95 STAMPEDE (Surgical Treatment and Medications Potentially Eradicate Diabetes Efficiently), 168, 69 starches, 96 starvation mode, 196 STOP-NIDDM (Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) trial, 147 strictures, 166, 167 stroke, 28 Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (STOP-NIDDM) trial, 147 subcutaneous fat, 42, 43, 79, 114 sucrose: American Diabetes Association on, 153; fatty liver from, 186; insulin stimulation, 104; molecular structure, 95, 96, 99; popularity of, 97 sugar: overview, 95, 97; artificial sweeteners, 105, 186, 87; diabetes epidemic from increased consumption, 101, 3; discovery in urine and blood, 4; elimination of for diabetes cure, xx, 181, 82; glycemic load, 40; metabolic syndrome from, 112, 116, 117; molecular structure, 95;
toxicity warnings, 94, 95, 105; type 2 diabetes caused by, xvi, 91, 93, 95, 104. See also blood glucose (blood sugar); carbohydrates; fructose; glucose; sucrose sulfonylureas (SUs), 54, 126, 128, 129, 141, 42, 148, 200 superbugs, 60, 61 Surgical Treatment and Medications Potentially Eradicate Diabetes Efficiently (STAMPEDE), 168, 69 Sybil (case study), 73 symptoms, diabetes mellitus, 15, 16
table sugar, 95.
See also sucrose Taylor, Roy, 88 TECOS (Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin) study, 145 thiazolidinedione (TZD) drug class, 54, 128, 129, 142, 43, 148, 150 Thompson, Leonard, 7 thyroid gland, 49 TODAY (Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youths) study, 153 TOFI (thin on the outside, fat on the inside), 41 train analogy, 68, 69 trans fats, 9, 188 trans-palmitoleic acid, 177 treatment.
See bariatric surgery; diets; exercise; fasting, intermittent; medication Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youths (TODAY) study, 153 Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin (TECOS) study, 145 Tukisenta people, 180 type 1 diabetes: overview, 18, 19, 50, 54; as autoimmune disease, 19, 50; complications and life expectancy, 19; complications from insulin treatment, 125, 26; discovery of, 7, 8; double diabetes in, 130; fasting treatment and, 6; glucotoxicity in, 124, 25, 126; liver fat and, 84; onset, 18, 19; prevalence, 12, 19; risk of death factors, 130; symptoms, 15, 16; treatment, 19, 20, 21, 123 type 2 diabetes: overview, 20; author’s journey with, 211, 12, 214, 15; causes, 66, 78, 91, 93, 157; conventional treatment, 20, 21; definition broadening, 138; DiabetesVille parable, 131, 33; discovery of, 7, 8; epidemic of, 10, 12, 205, 6; eradication, 204; failure of conventional treatments, xviii, xix, 172, 206, 7, 212; failure of insulin treatment, 126, 29, 140; failure to change treatment paradigm, 213; glucotoxicity not factor in, 145, 146; growth rate, 3, 10; need to treat root cause, 32; prevalence, 11, 14, 20, 138; prevention, xv, 39, 204, 5; progression, xv, xviii, 20; relationship to obesity, 37, 38, 39, 66, 215; reversibility of, xiv, xv, 117, 163, 168, 172, 191; rules for reversing, 185, 89; symptoms, 15, 16; U.S. trend, 11.
See also body effects; diagnosis, diabetes mellitus; fasting, intermittent; history, diabetes mellitus; insulin; medication TZD (thiazolidinedione) drug class, 54, 128, 129, 142, 43, 148, 150
UK General Practice Database, 134, 136 ulcers, non-healing foot, 28, 30, 72 United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 126, 27, 141, 143
Unwin, David, 182, 84 Upernavik, Greenland, 177
very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 53, 92, 110, 11, 112 Veterans Affairs’ Diabetes Trial (VADT), 128, 129, 143, 147, 212 viral resistance, 61, 62 visceral fat. See fat, abdominal
waist circumference, 41, 43, 80, 106 waist-to-height ratio, 43, 80, 130 Wareham, Nicholas, 205 weight: gain from insulin, xiv, xv, 53, 54, 125, 127, 129; hormonal regulation of, 47, 48, 112, 13; loss from acarbose, 147; loss from intermittent fasting, 197, 98; loss from SGLT2 inhibitors, 146. See also obesity West of Scotland study, 116 wheat belly, 113, 14. See also fat, abdominal Wheelock, Verner, 173 WHO (World Health Organization), 3, 12, 175, 205 Willett, Walter, 37, 38, 39, 40, 178 William of Ockham, 77 Willis, Thomas, 4 Women’s Health Initiative, 46, 47, 154, 214 World Health Organization (WHO), 3, 12, 175, 205
Yudkin, John, 94
Zelman, Samuel, 81
Copyright © 2018 by Jason Fung Foreword copyright © 2018 by Nina Teicholz
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