polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) (cont.) hypoalbuminaemia 240, 1 dietary fat, carbohydrate variations initiation 231, 2 196, 197 insulin therapy 245, 6 elderly people 150 methods 233 nutritional recommendations 7, 12, nutritional assessment 234, 5, 236 171 nutritional management 240, 5 potassium, dialysis patients 239, 241, nutritional requirements 235, 242, 243, 244 237, 40 pregnancies, diabetic 91, 104 nutritional status 233, 4 consequences 92 nutritional support 242, 3 gestational (GDM) 93, 95, 98, 104 obesity 244 calorie restriction 100 oral hypoglycaemic agents 245 carbohydrate, fat mix 100, 1 survival rates 232 dietary fat 100, 3 elderly people 152, 160 energy requirement 99, 100, 101 end stage renal failure (ESRF) 231, 2, future studies 104 249, 250 insulin therapy 103 see also dialysis above long-term advice 103, 4 and protein intake 12, 57, 152 metabolic changes 97 transplantation see renal transplant obesity 95, 98, 99, 100 patients glycaemic control 92, 93, 4, 97, 98, 9, renal replacement therapy (RRT) see 101 renal disease, dialysis; renal metabolic changes 97, 8 transplant patients obesity 92, 94, 95, 97, 8, 99, 100 renal transplant patients 249, 54 preconception counselling 93, 4 bone disease 253, 4 therapeutic aim 93 cardiovascular disease 250, 252, 3 Type 2 diabetes 93, 94, 97, 8, 99 dietary intervention studies 250, 3 weight gain 95, 97, 8, 99, 100 glycaemic control 252 pregnancies, non-diabetic 94, 7 morbidity 250 protein 2, 5, 7, 12 mortality 250 children 55, 56, 7 survival 250 dialysis patients 233, 4, 238, 9, 240, 1, treatment strategies 253 245 repaglinide 245 elderly people 150, 152 residential home care 160, 2, 163 inpatient nutritional support 221 resistin 114 renal transplant patients 252 retinopathy psychosocial aspects children 70, 1, 75 children’s diabetes 73, 6 obese diabetic patients 122 elderly people 156 renal transplant patients 250 exercise 121 salt 13 renal disease children 60, 1 children 57 dialysis patients 242 dialysis 231, 46 elderly people 150, 153 cardiovascular risk 244 Type 2 diabetes 13, 89 dyslipidaemia 244, 5 saturated fats (SF) 7, 11 fasting 243, 4 cardiovascular risk 137, 193 glycaemic control 232, 243, 4, 245, 6 children 58, 73 hyperkalaemia 239, 241, 242 diabetic pregnancies 101, 2 hypernatraemia 242 dietary fat, carbohydrate variations hyperphosphataemia 239, 241, 2 171, 191, 193, 195, 197
INDEX 267
elderly people 150 elderly people 150 school children 74, 5 triglycerides 2 sensory loss, elderly people 153, 155 cardiovascular risk 136 service provision alcohol 209 dietitians 3, 4 dietary carbohydrates 138, 173, 193, obesity management 126 194 sibutramine 124 dietary fats 137, 193, 194 social aspects soya protein 140 children’s diabetes 73, 6 diabetic pregnancies 102 elderly people 156 dialysis patients 244 sodium intake, dialysis patients 239, 40, dietary fat, carbohydrate variations 242 173, 174, 191, 192, 4, 195 see also salt fish oils 11 soya protein 139, 40 fructose 9 sport obesity 114, 115, 121 definition 21 physical activity 20, 121 intensity 21, 22, 25 renal transplant patients 251 see also physical activity Type 2 diabetes 114, 136 stanols 139 very low calorie diets 6 statins 253 tube feeding 220, 1, 222, 4, 242 sterols 139 Type 2 diabetes 85, 9 sucrose 9, 180, 1 action on diagnosis 86, 7 cardiovascular risk 138 alcohol 10, 208, 209, 212 children 57, 61 blood pressure 13, 89, 115, 208 elderly people 150 cardiovascular risk 20, 26, 87, 88, historical perspectives 171 133, 42 sugar 9, 10 fat, carbohydrate variations 189, 90, cardiovascular risk 138 193, 194 children 57, 76 children 54, 76, 7, 111, 12 dialysis patients 244 chromium 14, 142 elderly people 150 counselling see counselling evidence for restriction 180, 1 dietary fat, carbohydrate variations gestational diabetes 101 175, 177, 9, 189, 97 historical perspectives 171 dietary goals 85, 6 inpatient nutritional support 221, 226 dietary treatment plan 87 insulin sensitivity 138 dyslipidaemia 115, 16, 136, 190, 192, 4 sulphonylureas elderly people 147, 148, 159, 60 body weight effect 122, 123 glycaemic control 88, 94, 115, 137, in critical illness 227 189, 90 diabetic pregnancies 93 incidence 54, 76, 85, 111 dialysis patients 245 insulin resistance syndrome 133, 4 elderly people 159, 60 insulin sensitivity 133, 8, 142, 191 surgical treatment, obesity 124, 5, 126 insulin therapy 25, 28, 9, 88, 9 sweeteners 10, 61, 150, 180, 1 nutritional recommendations 2, 5, 7, Syndrome X (insulin resistance 8, 11 syndrome) 133, 4 cardiovascular disease 136, 7 chromium 13 teeth, elderly people 155 salt 13, 89 thiozolidinedione insulin sensitisers 123 obesity 76, 87, 9, 97, 8, 111, 12, trans fatty acids 7, 11 113, 27 children 59 oral hypoglycaemic drugs 88
268 INDEX
Type 2 diabetes (cont.) drug, nutrient interaction 160 physical activity 7, 20, 22, 24, 5, 26, elderly people 150, 153, 4 28, 9, 120, 2 plant stanols/sterols 139 pregnant women 93, 94, 97, 8, 99 renal transplant patients 253 weight management 5, 20, 87, 9, 97, 8, 116, 27, 190, 1 weight management undernutrition alcohol 211 elderly people 154, 7, 162, 4 children 61, 2, 75 inpatient nutritional support 220 diabetic pregnancies 94, 95, 97, 8, 99, 100 very low calorie diets (VLCD) 6, 120 dialysis patients 244 very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) dietary fat, carbohydrate variations cardiovascular risk 137 178, 80, 190, 1 high-MUFA diets 174 elderly people 149, 150, 151 nutritional recommendations 12 nutritional recommendations 5, 7 obesity 115, 121 obesity 116, 27 vitamins 12, 13 physical activity 7, 19, 20, 120, 2 cardiovascular risk 139, 141, 2 renal transplant patients 251, 252, 3 children 60 Type 2 diabetes 5, 20, 87, 9, 116, 27, diabetic pregnancies 93, 94 190, 1 dialysis patients 240 wound healing 153, 4